Hydraulic elevators are among the most common types of elevators worldwide. To understand the popularity and widespread use of this type of elevator, one only needs to look at the available statistics. In Europe, nearly 70% of installed elevators are hydraulic. This type of elevator has a long history, and many sources indicate that the first elevators invented by humans utilized hydraulic systems.
In this article, we aim to thoroughly and precisely examine various aspects of hydraulic elevators. We will explore the different types of hydraulic elevators, their advantages and disadvantages, structure and components, and all important factors related to these popular elevators. Stay with Skad Lift.
History of Hydraulic Elevators
Today, with advancements in technology, experts have been able to use hydraulic systems in elevators instead of traction systems, which offer higher safety and are more cost-effective.
About 60 years ago, hydraulic elevators gained popularity in the elevator industry. With the advent of machine-room-less (MRL) elevators at the dawn of the 21st century, this type of elevator faced new competition.
Since the 19th century, cable and hydraulic elevators have been used for vertical transportation. In the 1950s, oil hydraulic elevators were introduced to the elevator industry almost simultaneously in Germany and the United States and quickly gained popularity.
Initially, hydraulic elevators were primarily used for freight transport. However, with improved performance and for economic reasons, these elevators began to be used for passenger transport as well. Economic reasons include lower costs, reduced need for tools and labor for installation, which led to a better position for these elevators in public use. In the United States, companies built more hydraulic elevators than traction elevators in the 1970s, and by the 1980s, their production was more than twice that of traction elevators. By the year 2000, about 70% of elevators manufactured in the United States were hydraulic.
The hydraulic elevator was first invented in the 19th century by Elisha Otis. In 1852, he designed a safety system for elevator shafts that used a safety mechanism and ring system to ensure safety. The invention of the first elevator marked the beginning of a new era in urban transportation. Easy access to higher floors in buildings significantly contributed to future advancements and the development of modern technologies
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Since then, hydraulic elevators have become essential tools for transporting people and materials within buildings. Compared to electric elevators, these elevators produce less noise and require simpler and less maintenance. The most important features of hydraulic elevators include high speed, high efficiency, and precise control in ascent and descent. Overall, these elevators are reliable and efficient.
How Does a Hydraulic Elevator Work?
Hydraulic elevators are typically used in buildings with fewer than six floors. When the elevator rises, the motor in the power unit starts rotating and pumps oil from the reservoir into the cylinder. As the oil is pumped and the cylinder fills up, the pressure on the piston jack causes it to move, which is connected to the car sling. This makes the elevator cabin move upwards. To stop the cabin at each floor, the central system must send a signal to the motor to stop pumping the oil.
After stopping the pumping, the elevator halts at the desired floor. To move the cabin downward, a signal must be sent to the control valves. This command opens the valve, allowing the oil to flow within the system. At this point, gravity and the weight of the cabin transfer the necessary force to the cylinder and jack, causing the cylinder to empty of oil.
To bring the elevator to a complete stop, the central control system must issue a command to close the valve and stop the cabin.
Advantages of Hydraulic Elevators
Hydraulic elevators are used, particularly in low to medium-rise buildings, due to their unique features and advantages. Some key features of hydraulic elevators include:
High Power and Efficiency:
Hydraulic elevators are generally well-suited for carrying heavy loads and can support high load capacities.
Easier Installation:
These elevators are simpler to install because they do not require a machine room at the top of the building, thus occupying less space.
Lower Cost:
The installation and maintenance costs of hydraulic elevators are usually lower compared to traction elevators, as they do not require complex structures or heavy equipment.
Increased Safety:
Due to the hydraulic systems, these elevators are less likely to experience free fall. Their emergency braking system and smooth operation contribute to greater safety.
Smooth and Quiet Operation:
The movement of hydraulic elevators is generally smooth and quiet, as they use hydraulic systems for power transmission.
Design Flexibility:
These elevators can be designed in various styles and with custom cabins, making them well-suited to different architectural needs.
No Need for Top Space:
Hydraulic elevators do not require a machine room at the top of the building, which is a significant advantage for buildings with height restrictions.
Lower Energy Consumption in Some Cases:
These elevators do not consume energy when moving downward, which can help reduce energy costs.
However, there are some drawbacks, including slower speeds compared to traction elevators and the need for ongoing maintenance of the hydraulic system.
Types of Hydraulic Elevators
Hydraulic elevators are categorized based on several factors. These criteria include the type of jack, type of power unit, jack structure (number of stages), number of jacks, type of control valve, motor startup method, and usage type, among others. The most common classification in the industry is based on the type and method of hydraulic jack installation. Below, we will describe the differences between direct and indirect hydraulic elevators and introduce the common types of hydraulic elevators.
Direct Hydraulic Jack Elevator
In this type, the elevator jack is directly connected to the cabin (yoke or car sling). In this setup, the wire rope or chain and pulley or chain wheel are eliminated.
Indirect Hydraulic Jack Elevator
In this type of elevator, the jack is connected to the cabin via a wire rope. In this model, a pulley is installed on the jack, and the wire ropes are connected from one side to a fixed support and from the other side to the car sling.
Underground Hydraulic Jack Elevator
This type is a direct jack elevator where the jack is installed beneath the cabin. Installing this system requires a pit for the jack beneath the elevator shaft, which must be well-insulated against water ingress and corrosive materials.
Side Hydraulic Jack Elevator (Indirect)
This type of elevator, also known as a side jack elevator, can be installed either directly or indirectly. The most common type is the indirect side jack with a 1:2 movement ratio, and it is frequently used in passenger, home, and small freight elevators. This model uses a jack with a stroke length that is half the length of the travel path.
Telescopic Hydraulic Jack Elevator
When there is a limitation in providing a pit for the jack, telescopic jacks are used. These can be either two-stage or three-stage and have a shorter cylinder length relative to the travel length.
Side Hydraulic Jack Elevator (Indirect)
This type of elevator, also known as a side jack elevator, can be installed either directly or indirectly. The most common type is the indirect side jack with a 1:2 movement ratio and is primarily used in passenger, home, and small freight elevators. This model uses a jack with a stroke length that is half the length of the travel path.
Indirect Side Hydraulic Jack Elevator with Two Jacks
This system is suitable for heavy-duty elevators with a long travel height, such as car elevators with 3 to 4 stops. It is also used where drilling a pit for the jack is not feasible.
Direct Side Hydraulic Jack Elevator
This system is suitable for installing low-rise elevators, such as a hydraulic home elevator with two working stations.
Direct Telescopic Side Hydraulic Jack Elevator
This system is used when a long jack length relative to the height of the elevator shaft is problematic. Telescopic jacks, either two or three-stage, are positioned beside the cabin.
Direct Side Hydraulic Elevator with Two Jacks
This model is used for elevators with heavy load capacities and where drilling a jack pit is not possible. Some car elevators, industrial elevators, and heavy-duty models use this configuration. For high elevations, sufficient space must be available above the shaft for the jacks.
Telescopic Double Hydraulic Jack Elevator
To address the height issue of jacks in double jack hydraulic elevator models, telescopic jacks are used. These jacks occupy less vertical space and can be installed as two or three-stage systems.
Suitable Spaces for Hydraulic Elevators
Hydraulic elevators are well-suited for various spaces and applications due to their specific features and capabilities. Here’s a breakdown of the types of spaces and applications where hydraulic elevators are appropriate:
Short and Mid-Rise Buildings:
Hydraulic elevators are particularly suitable for buildings with a low to mid-rise number of floors (typically up to 6 floors). The hydraulic system, due to its height limitations, is not ideal for tall buildings.
Small Residential and Commercial Buildings:
Hydraulic elevators, due to their lower installation and maintenance costs, are appropriate for small residential and commercial buildings. They efficiently meet the vertical transportation needs in these structures.
Industrial Buildings:
In industrial buildings where heavy loads and equipment need to be moved, twin post hydraulic elevators are highly suitable. These elevators handle heavy loads effectively and offer high stability.
Multi-Story Parking Lots:
Hydraulic car elevators are especially suitable for multi-story parking lots. These elevators can safely and efficiently move vehicles between floors.
Historic Buildings:
For historic buildings where structural changes need to be minimized and installation space is limited, hole-less hydraulic elevators are ideal. These systems do not require deep pits and can be installed with minimal disruption.
Auto Repair Shops:
Hydraulic car elevators are also used in auto repair shops and mechanical workshops. They facilitate the movement of vehicles to various heights and assist in vehicle maintenance and repairs.
Spaces with Limited Installation Area:
Hydraulic elevators with indirect jacks and telescopic systems are suitable for areas with restricted installation space. These systems require less space for jack installation and perform well in spaces with spatial constraints.
Small to Medium Office Buildings:
For small to medium office buildings where there is a need for vertical transportation between a few floors, hydraulic elevators can be a good choice. These systems usually offer suitable performance and easy maintenance.
Features of Hydraulic Elevators
The Skad Lift hydraulic elevator has consistently met customer satisfaction due to its unique features. Some of these features include:
– Easier Installation and Maintenance: The installation and maintenance of hydraulic elevators are generally simpler and less costly compared to traction elevators.
– Safety: These elevators typically come with good safety systems that reduce the risk of free-fall accidents.
– Less Space Required: In some cases, hydraulic elevators require less space for installation.
Overall, the choice of a hydraulic elevator depends on the specific needs of the building and spatial constraints!
Main Components of Hydraulic Elevators
Hydraulic elevators, with their various and complex components, each playing a specific role in the proper functioning of the system, are a popular choice in buildings and various environments. Understanding these components and how they work can help in better comprehension and maintenance of these systems. Below, we introduce and explain the main components of a hydraulic elevator:
Hydraulic Pump:
The hydraulic pump is responsible for pumping hydraulic oil into the cylinder. These pumps are usually electric and convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to pressurize the oil.
Hydraulic Oil Tank:
The hydraulic oil tank is the storage place for hydraulic oil. It must be large enough to accommodate the required volume of oil. The tank is also equipped with filters to prevent contaminants from entering the hydraulic system.
Cylinder and Piston:
The cylinder and piston are the primary components responsible for moving the elevator cabin. Hydraulic oil is pumped into the cylinder, causing the piston to move upward. The piston is directly connected to the elevator cabin, facilitating its movement.
Hydraulic Control Valve:
The control valve regulates the flow of oil to the cylinder and manages the elevator’s movement. These valves can operate manually or automatically and control the direction of oil flow to the cylinder or back to the tank by opening and closing.
Elevator Cabin:
The cabin is the enclosure where passengers or cargo are placed and transported between different floors. It is attached to the piston and moves up or down as the piston moves.
Guide Rails:
Guide rails define the path of the cabin’s movement and prevent it from deviating from its course. These rails are typically made of steel and are installed along the elevator shaft.
Emergency Brake System:
The emergency brake system enhances safety in hydraulic elevators. It stops the elevator cabin in case of any issues or sudden power cuts, preventing falls or harm to passengers.
Control Unit (Controller):
The control unit is the “brain” of the hydraulic elevator, managing all operations and functions of the system. It includes electrical circuits and control software responsible for coordinating the various components of the elevator.
Safety Valves:
Safety valves prevent excessive pressure in the hydraulic system. They activate in the event of pressure fluctuations, redirecting excess pressure back to the tank.
Ventilation System:
The ventilation system maintains the proper temperature of the hydraulic oil and prevents overheating. It includes fans and radiators to help cool the oil.
Dimensions of Hydraulic Elevators
The standard dimensions of hydraulic elevators vary depending on the type of building and its application. However, there are some general standard dimensions and specifications for hydraulic elevators, which are outlined below:
- Residential and Small Commercial Elevators:
– Cabin Dimensions: For a standard residential elevator, the cabin dimensions are usually 1 meter wide and 1.25 meters deep. These dimensions can be adjusted based on the specific needs of the building.
– Capacity: The capacity of these elevators typically ranges from 320 to 630 kilograms, which accommodates 4 to 8 people.
– Door Height: The standard door height is usually 2 meters.
- Car Elevators:
– Cabin Dimensions: Car elevators require larger cabins to provide adequate space for vehicle transport. Typically, cabin dimensions are 2.5 meters wide and 5.5 meters deep.
– Capacity: The capacity of car elevators can be up to 3000 kilograms or more, depending on the type and size of vehicles being transported.
– Door Height: The door height for car elevators is usually between 2.1 and 2.5 meters to allow easy entry and exit of vehicles.
- Hospital Elevators:
– Cabin Dimensions: Hospital elevators are designed to accommodate hospital beds, with cabin dimensions typically 1.4 meters wide and 2.4 meters deep.
– Capacity: The capacity of these elevators ranges between 1600 and 2000 kilograms.
– Door Height: The door height for hospital elevators is generally 2.1 meters.
- Freight Elevators:
– Cabin Dimensions: Cabin dimensions for freight elevators can vary widely based on the type of cargo and available space. For smaller freight elevators, common dimensions are 1.5 meters wide and 2 meters deep.
– Capacity: The capacity of freight elevators can range from 1000 to 5000 kilograms or more.
– Door Height: The door height for freight elevators is usually between 2 and 2.5 meters.
- Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators:
– Cabin Dimensions: The dimensions for telescopic hydraulic elevators depend on their specific type and application and can be similar to those of residential or freight elevators.
– Capacity: The capacity can also vary based on the specific application and needs.
Important Points in Determining Hydraulic Elevator Dimensions
- Local Standards: Local and national standards such as EN81-20/50 in Europe or ASME A17.1 in the United States must be adhered to.
- Specific Building Requirements: Depending on the building’s use, the cabin dimensions and elevator capacity may need to be adjusted.
- Space Constraints: The space allocated for the elevator installation must be accurately measured to ensure it matches the elevator’s dimensions.
- Accessibility: In buildings that require accessibility for people with disabilities, the cabin dimensions should comply with accessibility laws and regulations.
Ultimately, choosing the right dimensions for a hydraulic elevator requires consultation with experts and specialized engineers to ensure all building needs and constraints are properly considered.
Key Applications of Hydraulic Elevators
- Passenger Hydraulic Elevators
Hydraulic systems are a suitable option for passenger elevators with various capacities, travel heights, and low to medium speeds. Hydraulic passenger elevators can be designed and implemented with diverse capacities, from single or two-person elevators to those with higher capacities.
- Freight Passenger Hydraulic Elevators
Freight passenger elevators are typically designed with capacities exceeding 750 kg or equivalent to 10 people. When the travel distance is short to medium, the hydraulic system is considered the best solution for this type of elevator.
- Car Lifts
Car lifts are generally designed and implemented with capacities ranging from 2,500 to 5,000 kg, based on building conditions and usage needs. Due to their high capacity, if the number of stops is between two and four stations, hydraulic systems are used. Car lifts are usually designed and implemented using jacks located under the cabin or dual jacks on the sides.
- Home Hydraulic Elevators
Home elevators refer to small elevators installed in buildings with two to four stops and a maximum capacity of four people. These elevators come with complete safety systems and equipment. They are typically implemented using hydraulic systems due to their special characteristics. Another type, known as home lifts, is designed for two to three stops and capacities of two to three people. These lifts often use single-phase power and operate at very low speeds without cabin doors.
Overall, choosing between a home elevator and a home lift depends on the specific needs and conditions of the building and usage, based on capacity, number of stops, and technical features.
- Industrial Elevators
Industrial elevators are used for transporting goods or passengers between working stations at building heights, primarily in factories, industrial sites, workshops, and warehouses. These elevators generally operate using hydraulic systems. The high load capacity of industrial elevators is a primary reason for the widespread use of hydraulic systems in this type of elevator.
- Old Buildings Without Elevators
Old buildings that lack elevators are often equipped with a hydraulic system due to the absence of a machine room and flexibility in placing the power unit. This is the main reason for the widespread use of hydraulic systems in such situations.
- Luxury Panoramic Elevators
In hydraulic elevator systems, the counterweight is eliminated. This eliminates the need for cables, parachutes, governors, and counterweight rails, creating favorable conditions for designing glass cabins with various geometric shapes. Consequently, hydraulic panoramic elevators are commonly used in low to medium-height buildings. These elevators, as iconic glass devices, represent a significant application of hydraulic elevators, as their designs add grandeur and beauty to buildings and provide a captivating experience for passengers. You can contact our experts at Skad Lifts for ordering various luxury panoramic hydraulic elevators.
- Hydraulic Lifts
Lifts are a type of elevator designed for transporting goods. Most lifts are designed and implemented using hydraulic systems due to the advantages offered by this technology. Key factors in determining the lift system type include the required load capacity and achieving the desired speed.
Hydraulic systems are chosen for lifts due to their high power and stability, low installation space requirements, and simple, reliable structure. This system is typically used in lifts that seek reliable performance and space savings.
Overall, hydraulic lifts are recognized as a suitable option for various types of loads in industrial, commercial, and residential environments due to their high load-carrying capacity and reliable performance under different environmental pressures.
Technical Specifications of Hydraulic Elevators
The technical specifications of hydraulic elevators may vary depending on the type and application. However, some fundamental specifications to consider include:
- Load Capacity: This specifies the maximum weight the elevator can carry. Load capacity is usually indicated in kilograms or pounds.
- Travel Height: This denotes the height the elevator can move the load between stations. The travel height can range from several meters to multiple floors.
- Speed: The speed of the hydraulic elevator, indicating the rate of movement between stations, is typically measured in meters or feet per second.
- Cabin Dimensions: This includes the length, width, and height of the cabin, which vary depending on the load capacity and the number of passengers it can accommodate.
- Control System: The type of control system may include automatic, manual, or compliance with safety standards such as safety valves and emergency systems.
- Safety and Protective Systems: Features include parachute systems, governors, cables, and other safety devices used to prevent accidents in case of power failure or system malfunction.
7.Installation Location and Space Requirements: This includes mechanical and electrical needs such as building dimensions, ceiling height, and space required for installing the hydraulic system and other equipment.
These specifications serve as a general guide for determining and selecting a hydraulic elevator and may be adjusted based on the specific needs of each project.
Construction and Installation of Hydraulic Elevators
Hydraulic elevators generally involve several stages: construction and equipment procurement, installation, and commissioning. The construction of key components for these elevators, such as the jack and power unit, is custom-made based on specific orders. This customized design ensures that the equipment is precisely aligned with the unique conditions of each project, resulting in better quality and performance compared to off-the-shelf equipment.
Hydraulic Equipment Construction:
The manufacturing of hydraulic components is a highly specialized process requiring extensive technical knowledge and experience in both elevator and hydraulic systems. Using industrial hydraulic equipment in elevators is incorrect. Installation and commissioning of hydraulic elevators require sufficient expertise and must be carried out according to the standards and guidelines set by the hydraulic equipment manufacturer. This is why Skad Lifts handles the installation and commissioning of your elevator through the expertise and experience of its team.
Installation Considerations:
Although hydraulic elevator installation is generally considered easier, more cost-effective, and safer, it is important to note that counterweights are completely eliminated in hydraulic systems. Instead, the drive equipment is located at the lower station, which enhances the speed and safety of operation.
Purchasing a Hydraulic Elevator
Buying a hydraulic elevator can be a complex and sensitive process that requires careful consideration of needs, technical specifications, and the selection of a suitable supplier. Here are some important points to consider when purchasing a hydraulic elevator:
Determine Needs and Technical Specifications:
First, define the requirements for the elevator. This includes load capacity, travel height, speed, cabin dimensions, type of control system, safety features such as parachutes and governors, and other technical specifications.
Choose the Right Supplier:
After defining your needs, look for a supplier with experience, a thorough understanding of hydraulic technology, and the ability to provide solutions tailored to your project.
Check Quality and Standards:
Ensure that the manufactured elevator complies with necessary safety and performance standards. This includes national and international standards such as EN81 and ASME A17.1.
Cost and Budget:
Calculate the costs associated with purchasing, installing, and commissioning the elevator and ensure they fit within your budget. Also, consider future maintenance and repair costs.
Support and After-Sales Service:
Ensure that the supplier offers adequate after-sales support, spare parts, and technical assistance to address any issues that may arise during the elevator’s lifespan.
Project Management and Planning:
Develop a detailed plan for the installation and commissioning of the elevator and focus on effective project management to ensure a smooth and problem-free process.
By adhering to these guidelines, you can select the best hydraulic elevator for your needs and enjoy reliable and safe performance for your building.
Best Hydraulic Elevator Company
Skad Lifts, a pioneer in hydraulic elevator manufacturing and provision, is recognized as the best choice for safe, reliable, and high-quality elevators with over two decades of experience and expertise. Skad Lifts is highly praised by clients and projects for its commitment to high quality, use of cutting-edge technology, and adherence to international standards.
Skad Lifts’ products, including hydraulic elevators, offer unique designs, high efficiency, and the latest technologies, ensuring optimal safety and performance for users. Each elevator under the Skad Lifts brand represents precision, durability, and reliability, designed and built according to the specific needs of each project.
In addition to delivering high-quality products, Skad Lifts is also known for its professional after-sales service, spare parts supply, and technical consultation. Since its establishment, the company has been dedicated to providing comprehensive and tailored solutions, maintaining a strong presence throughout all phases of elevator projects, from design to installation and operation.
By choosing Skad Lifts, you enter a world of exceptional hydraulic elevators and valuable services that will meet all your needs and ensure reliable and durable performance.
For more information, please contact our experts.
Frequently Asked Questions About Hydraulic Elevators
A hydraulic elevator operates using a hydraulic jack and a power unit. The oil flow in the power unit is created by a pump, which moves the jack piston. A detailed explanation of how a hydraulic elevator functions is provided on this page.
Hydraulic elevators typically require a machine room for installing the power unit, control panel, three-phase panel, and other necessary equipment. However, in some cases, hydraulic elevators can be installed as MRL (Machine Room Less) elevators, meaning a separate machine room is not needed.
In these situations, the power unit and control panel are installed inside the elevator shaft, and specific requirements must be followed for this arrangement.
It is true that the pit or shaft for an elevator is not related to the type of elevator system but rather depends on safety requirements and dimensional standards. For hydraulic elevators, the pit height is usually around 140 centimeters, but this height may vary depending on the specific installation conditions and local standards.
The pit requirements should ensure the safety and proper operation of the elevator and comply with national and international safety standards.